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Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic
The Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic ((アゼルバイジャン語:Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası)) is a landlocked exclave of the Republic of Azerbaijan. The region covers 5,500〔 km2 with a population of 410,000, bordering Armenia (length of frontier 221 km) to the east and north, Iran (179 km) to the south and west, and Turkey (only 15 km) to the northwest.
The area that is now Nakhchivan became part of the Safavid dynasty of Iran in the 16th century. In 1828, after the last Russo-Persian War and the Treaty of Turkmenchay, the Nakhchivan Khanate passed from Iranian into Imperial Russian possession. After the 1917 February Revolution, Nakhchivan and its surrounding region were under the authority of the Special Transcaucasian Committee of the Russian Provisional Government and subsequently of the short-lived Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic. When the TDFR was dissolved in May 1918, Nakhchivan, Nagorno-Karabakh, Zangezur (today the Armenian province of Syunik), and Qazakh were heavily contested between the newly formed and short-lived states of the Democratic Republic of Armenia (DRA) and the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (ADR). In June 1918, the region came under Ottoman occupation. Under the terms of the Armistice of Mudros, the Ottomans agreed to pull their troops out of the Transcaucasus to make way for British occupation at the close of the First World War. In July 1920, the Soviet Union occupied the region and on July 28, declared the Nakhchivan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic with "close ties" to the Azerbaijan SSR, beginning seventy years of Soviet rule. In January 1990 Nakhchivan declared independence from the USSR to protest against the suppression of the national movement in Azerbaijan, and became the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic within the newly independent Republic of Azerbaijan a year later.
The Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic is an autonomous area of Azerbaijan, governed by its own elected legislature. The region continues to suffer from the effects of the conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan, and its Karki exclave has been under Armenian occupation ever since. The administrative capital is the city of Nakhchivan. Vasif Talibov has been the leader of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic since 1995.〔Hans-Joachim Hoppe: Nachitschewan – Vorposten Aserbaidschans (Nakhchivan – outpost of Azerbaijan), (in "Eurasisches Magazin" (in German), August 2, 2011 )〕
==Etymology==
Variations of the name Nakhchivan include Nakhichevan,〔(''Encyclopædia Britannica'': Nakhichevan )〕 Naxcivan,〔"()." ''Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary'', 11th ed. 2003. (ISBN 0-87779-809-5) New York: Merriam-Webster, Inc.〕 Naxçivan,〔(''Encyclopædia Britannica'': Nakhichevan )〕 Nachidsheuan,〔(Flavius Josephus and the Flood of Noah )〕 Nakhijevan,〔(Plant Genetic Resources in Central Asia and Caucasus: History of Armenia )〕 Nakhchawan, Nakhitchevan,〔Elisabeth Bauer, ''Armenia: Past and Present'', p.99 (ISBN B0006EXQ9C).〕 Nakhjavan,〔Kazemzadeh, Firuz. ''The Struggle For Transcaucasia: 1917–1921''. p. 255 (ISBN 0-8305-0076-6).〕 and Nakhdjevan.〔''Ibid.'' p.267.〕 According to the 19th-century language scholar, Johann Heinrich Hübschmann, the name "Nakhichavan" in Armenian literally means "the place of descent", a Biblical reference to the descent of Noah's Ark on the adjacent Mount Ararat. First century Jewish historian Flavius Josephus also writes about Nakhichevan, saying that its original name "Αποβατηριον, or Place of Descent, is the proper rendering of the Armenian name of this very city".〔( Josephus, Antiquities of the Jews, Chapter 3 )〕 Hübschmann notes, however, that it was not known by that name in antiquity. Instead, he states the present-day name evolved to "Nakhchivan" from "Naxčawan". The prefix "Naxč" derives from Naxič or Naxuč (probably a personal name) and "awan" (the modern transcription of Hübschmann's "avan") is Armenian for "place, town".〔(''Noah's Ark: Its Final Berth'' ) by Bill Crouse〕 Nakhchivan was also mentioned in Ptolemy's ''Geography'' and by other classical writers as Naxuana.〔 ("Nakhichevan" ) in the ''Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary'', St. Petersburg, Russia: 1890–1907.〕〔("Nakhichevan" ) in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, vol.19, p.156.〕 Modern historian Suren Yeremyan disputes this assertion, arguing that ancient Armenian tradition placed Nakhichevan's founding to the year 3669 BC and, in ascribing its establishment to Noah, that it took its present name after the Armenian phrase "Nakhnakan Ichevan" (Նախնական Իջևան), or "first landing."〔 Yeremyan, Suren T. ''«Նախճավան»'' (Nakhtchavan). Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia. vol. viii. Yerevan, Armenian SSR: Armenian Academy of Sciences, 1982, pp. 166-167.〕
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